“Teach Them to Be Proud of Being Russian Citizens”: The Concept of Emperor Alexander I’s Educational Reform

The process of the educational reform initiated by Emperor Alexander I was examined. Divergent approaches to the achievement of the government’s objectives, aimed at the broad dissemination of education and the creation of a pool of highly specialized qualified personnel, are analyzed. The advantages of the principle of social estates (sosloviya) being introduced into the educational process are discussed. It is concluded that, under the historical conditions of the time, a comprehensive solution for fully implementing the intended objectives could not be achieved.

EDN CYTRTT 

References
[1] Maslova A.A., Smirnov D.V. Frantsuzskiy materializm i prosveschenie v vospriyatii rossiyskoy intellektual’noy elity rubezha XVIII–XIX vv. [French materialism and enlightenment in the perception of the Russian intellectual elite at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries]. Gumanitarny vestnik — Humanities Bulletin of BMSTU, 2024, no. 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2306-8477-2024-2-894
[2] Vysochayshe utverzhdennyy Ustav narodnym uchilischam v Rossiyskoy imperii [Highest approved statute for Parish schools in the Russian Empire]. Polnoye sobranie zakonov Rossiyskoy imperii (PSZRI-I), vol. XXII, no. 16421, pp. 646–669.
[3] Ob ustroystve uchilisch, January 24, 1803. PSZRI-I, vol. XXVII, no. 20597, pp. 437–442.
[4] Andreev A.Yu., Tozato-Rigo D., eds. Imperator Aleksandr I i Frederik-Sezar Lagarpe: pisma. Dokumenty. In 3 vols. Vol. 1, 1782–1802 [Emperor Alexander I and Frédéric-César de La Harpe: Letters. Documents]. Moscow, Politicheskaya Entsiklopediya Publ., 2014, 920 p.
[5] Chartoryizhskiy A. Vospominaniya i pisma [Memoirs and letters]. Moscow, Zakharov Publ., 2010, 592 p.
[6] Safonov M.M. Problema reform v pravitelstvennoy politike Rossii na rubezhe XVIII i XIX vv. [The problem of reforms in government policy in Russia at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries]. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1988, 249 p.
[7] Gracheva Yu.E. Otchety Ministra narodnogo prosvescheniya P.V. Zavadovskogo kak istochnik po istorii Ministerstva [Reports of the Minister of public education P.V. Zavadovsky as a source on the history of the ministry]. Vestnik Pravoslavnogo Svyato-Tikhonovskogo Gumanitarnogo Universiteta. Ser. 2: Istoriya. Istoriya Russkoy Pravoslavnoy Tserkvi — St. Tikhon’s University Review. Series II: History. Russian Church History, 2018, no. 83, pp. 96–109.
[8] Rozhdestvenskiy S.A. Istoricheskiy obzor deyatelnosti Ministerstva narodnogo prosvescheniya (1802–1902) [Historical overview of the activities of the ministry of public education]. St. Petersburg, Gosudarstvennaya tipografiya. Ministry of Public Education Edition, 1902, 787 p.
[9] Aleshintsev I.A. Istoriya gimnazicheskogo obrazovaniya v Rossii (XVIII i XIX vv.) [History of gymnasium education in Russia (18th–19th Centuries)]. St. Petersburg, 1912, 346 p.
[10] Zakharov V.Yu., Ivanova A.N. Vseobschee nachalnoe obrazovanie v Rossiyskoy imperii v XIX – nachale XX vv.: prichiny neudachi reformy [Universal primary education in the Russian empire in the 19th – early 20th centuries: causes of reform failure]. LOKUS: lyudi, obshchestvo, kul’tury, smysly –— Locus: people, society, cultures, meaning, 2019, no. 2, pp. 11–26.
[11] Andreev A.Yu. Kafedra i tron: perepiska imperatora Aleksandra i professora G.F. Parrota [The chair and the throne: correspondence of emperor Alexander and professor G.F. Parrot]. Moscow, New Literary Observer Publ., 2023, 736 p.
[12] Orlov V.N. Russkie prosvetiteli 1790–1800-kh godov [Russian enlighteners of the 1790s–1800s]. Leningrad, Goslitizdat Publ., 1950, 477 p.
[13] Sekretnyye bumagi iz rabineta Aleksandra I [Secret papers from the Cabinet of Alexander I]. Russian state archive of ancient acts (RGADA). F. 10. Cabinet of Catherine II and its continuation – (merged collections) State Archive of the Russian Empire, op. 1, drafts of manifestos and decrees of Catherine II, notes, letters, resolutions, autographs of her literary works, petitions of private persons to Catherine II, Alexander I, and Nicholas I, no. 700, pp. 2–4 ob.
[14] Zhukovskaya T.N. Prosvetitelskie proekty “molodykh druzey” i sozdanie Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya (1802) [Enlightenment projects of the “young friends” and the creation of the Ministry of public education]. Trudy isto-richeskogo fakulteta Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta, 2012, no. 11, pp. 181–191.
[15] Pnin I.P. Sochineniya [Works]. In: Teodorovich I.A., ed. Klassiki revolyutsionnoy mysli do marksistskogo perioda: Ivan Pnin [Classics of revolutionary thought before the marxist period: Ivan Pnin]. Moscow, Izdatelstvo vsesoyuznogo obschestva politkatorzhan i ssilno-poselentsev, 1934, 312 p.
[16] Ivanova A.A. Kod soslovnosti v prosvetilskoy programme I.P. Pnina [The estate code in the enlightenment program of I.P. Pnin]. Prepodavatel XXI vek, 2017, no. 4–2, pp. 272–281.
[17] Vysochayshe utverzhdennyy ustav dlya prihodskikh uchilisch v guberniyakh Volynskoy, Kievskoy i Podolskoy, 31 avgusta 1807 g. [Highest approved statute for Parish schools in the Volyn, Kiev, and Podolsk governorates, August 31, 1807]. PSZRI-I, vol. XXIX, no. 22605, pp. 1250–1259.
[18] Minaeva N.V. Pravitelstvennyy konstitutsionalizm i peredovoe obschestvennoe mnenie Rossii v nachale XIX v. [Governmental constitutionalism and advanced public opinion in early 19th-Century Russia]. Saratov, SSU Publ., 1982, 290 p.
[19] O poryadke uchrezhdeniya voennykh uchilisch [On the establishment of military schools], March 21, 1805. PSZRI-I, vol. XXVIII, no. 21675, pp. 903–908.
[20] Vysochayshe utverzhdennoe postanovlenie o litsee [Highest approved decree on the lyceum], August 12, 1810. PSZRI-I, vol. XXXI, no. 24325, pp. 310–323.
[21] Ustav o nachalnykh i srednikh shkolakh [Statute on primary and secondary schools], 1828. Polnoye sobranie zakonav Rossiyskoy imperii. Sobranie II (PSZRI-II), vol. III, no. 2502, pp. 1097–1127.
[22] Ob ustanovlenii novogo sosloviya pod nazvaniyem pochetnykh grazhdan [On the establishment of a new estate named “honorary citizens”], April 10, 1832. PSZRI-II, vol. VII, no. 5284, pp. 193–195.
[23] Orlov A.A. «Shkoly dlya vsekh». Lankasterskaya sistema obucheniya v Rossii v pervoy chetverti XIX veka (1814–1826 gg.) [“Schools for All.” The Lancasterian System of Education in Russia in the First Quarter of the 19th Century (1814–1826)]. Moscow, Editorial and Publishing Center of M.A. Sholokhov Moscow State University for the Humanities, 2014, 196 p.