“The Consecrated Sobor”: On the History of Ideas about Church Sobors in Russia (Part 1)

A comprehensive historical-semiotic analysis of the term “sobor” in the Russian church tradition from the 10th to 18th centuries has been conducted. The idea of a “consecrated sobor” was proved to stand for not a representative body or governing institution, but the clergy as a whole. The “entire consecrated sobor” of the capital, headed by the Primate, could be convened for the governer’s sobor, but did not represent a distinct form of supreme church authority. The genealogy of the concept of “sobor” in 18th–19th centuries public thought was examined, showing how ideas about a church sobor in Russia were formed by Western European political theories, confessional polemics, and debates on national identity. The concept of a “sobor” as a representative institution, differing from the historical practice of 15th–17th century sobors was noticed to have formed by the 1850s. It is this construct, rather than actual historical institutions and practices, that later became the basis for criticism of the Synodal system as having lost the “sobornost principle.”

EDN QSFXLC

References
[1] Krylov A.O. Tserkovnaya reforma Petra I i teoriya sekulyarizatsii: ot publitsistiki k istoriografii [Peter I’s church reform and the theory of secularization: from journalism to historiography]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Ser. 8. Istoriya — Moscow University Bulletin. Series 8: History, 2021, no. 3, pp. 22–46.
[2] Dukhovnyy reglament [Spiritual regulation]. Saint Petersburg, Sankt-Peterburgskaya tipografiya, 1721, 48+17 p.
[3] Edwards M. Synods and sobors. In: The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007, pp. 367–385.
[4] Nikodim (Milash), ep. Pravila Pravoslavnoy tserkvi s tolkovaniyami [Rules of the Orthodox Church with commentaries]. Vol. 1. Saint Petersburg, Izdatelstvo Sankt-Peterburgskoy dukhovnoy akademii, 1911, 635 p.
[5] Suvorov N.S. Kurs tserkovnogo prava [Course of church law]. In 2 vols. Vol. 1. Yaroslavl, Tipo-Litografiya G. Falk, 1889, 369 p.
[6] Vascheva I.Yu. Fenomen «Tserkovnykh istoriy» v epokhu Pozdney Antichnosti: Dis. … d-ra istor. nauk [Phenomenon of “Church histories” in the Late Antiquity. Doctoral dissertation in History]. Nizhny Novgorod, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 2013, 789 p.
[7] Asmus V., Kuzenkov P.V., Nikiforov M.V. et al. Konstantinopol’skie sobory [Sobors of Constantinople]. In: Pravoslavnaya entsiklopediya [Orthodox Encyclopedia]. Vol. 37. Moscow, Church Research Center “Orthodox Encyclopedia”, 2015, pp. 299–343.
[8] Andronov I.E. Nostri Saeculi Novatores: mezhkonfessional’naya polemika v zapadnoevropeyskoy tserkovnoy istoriografii XVI veka [Nostri Saeculi Novatores: Interconfessional polemics in Western European church historiography of the 16th century]. Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Nestor-Historia Publ., 2019, 464 p.
[9] Perron A. The bishops of Rome, 1100–1300. In: The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 22–38.
[10] Winroth A. The legal underpinnings. In: The Cambridge History of Christianity. Vol. 4. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009, pp. 89–98.
[11] Wilhelm J. Councils. In: Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York, Robert Appleton Company, 1913, pp. 423–435.
[12] Valliere P. Conciliarism: A History of Decision-Making in the Church. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012, 289 p.
[13] Sagovsky N. Conciliarity of the Church. St Andrews Encyclopaedia of Theology. Available at: https://www.saet.ac.uk/Christianity/ConciliarityoftheChurch (accessed December 23, 2025).
[14] Sreznevsky I.I. Materialy dlya slovarya drevne-russkogo yazyka po pis’mennym pamyatnikam [Materials for a dictionary of the Old Russian language based on written monuments]. In 3 vols. Vol. 3. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya Imperatorskoy Akademii Nauk, 1903, 1684 p.
[15] Vovina-Lebedeva V.G. “Osvyaschennyy sobor” v istochnikakh XIV — nachala XVI vv. [“Consecrated sobor” in the sources of the 14th — early 16th centuries]. Cahiers du Monde russe, 2005, vol. 46, no. 1/2, pp. 387–396.
[16] Tsapina O.A. Predstavleniya o sinodal’nosti, kollegial’nosti, sobornosti vo vtoroy polovine semnadtsatogo — pervoy treti vosemnadtsatogo vekov [Concepts of synodality, collegiality and sobornost in the second half of the seventeenth — first third of the eighteenth centuries]. In: Tserkov i vlast: k 300-letiyu uchrezhdeniya svyateyshego sinoda v russkoy tserkvi [Church and state: on the 300th anniversary of the establishment of the Holy synod in the Russian church]. Moscow, St. Tikhon Orthodox University of Humanities Publ., 2022, 248 p.
[17] Pechnikov M.V., Ustinova I.A., Glakin A.K., et al. Novgorodskaya i Starorusskaya eparkhiya [Novgorod and Staraya Russa diocese]. In: Pravoslavnaya entsiklopediya [Orthodox Encyclopedia]. Moscow, Church Research Center “Orthodox Encyclopedia”, 2018, vol. 51, pp. 382–451.
[18] Lut’ko E. Vozniknovenie klerikal’noy korporatsii na Zapade XI–XIII vv. i v Rossii XVII–XVIII vv. [Formation of the clerical corporation in Western Europe in the 11th–13th centuries and in Russia in the 17th–18th centuries]. Sotsiologicheskoe obozrenie — Russian Sociological Review, 2020, vol. 19,no. 3, pp. 300–320.
[19] Florya B.N. Issledovaniya po istorii Tserkvi. Drevnerusskoe i slavyanskoe srednevekov’e [Studies in church history. Old Russian and Slavic middle ages]. Moscow, Church Research Center “Orthodox Encyclopedia”, 2007, 526 p.
[20] Gaydenko P.I., Moskaleva L.A., Fomina T.Yu. Tserkov domongolskoy Rusi: ierarkhiya, sluzhenie, nravy [The Church of pre-mongol Rus: Hierarchy, Service, Morals]. Moscow, Universitetskaya kniga Publ., 2013, 150 p.
[21] Belyakova E.V., Moshkova L.V., Oparina T.A. Kormchaya kniga: ot rukopisnoy traditsii k pervomu pechatnomu izdaniyu [The kormchaia book: from manuscript tradition to the first printed edition]. Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Tsentr gumanitarnykh initsiativ, 2017, 494 p.
[22] Gaydenko P.I. Sobor 1273 (4) goda v svete tserkovno-politicheskoy situatsii na Rusi: neskol’ko zamechaniy o nesostoyavsheysya kanonicheskoy reforme mitropolita Kirilla [The sobor of 1273 (4) in light of the сhurch-political situation in Rus’: some remarks on the unfulfilled canonical reform of metropolitan Kirill]. Vestnik RHGA — RCAH Review, 2014, pp. 229–239.
[23] Savosichev A.Yu. Mitropolitichiy dvor v epokhu Ivana Groznogo [The metropolitan court in the era of Ivan the Terrible]. Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya. Politologiya. Sotsiologiya — Proceedings of Voronezh State University. Series: History. Political Science. Sociology, 2021, no. 4, pp. 71–77.
[24] Savosichev A.Yu. Mitropolitichiy i patriarshiy dvor v kontse XVI — nachale XVII [The Metropolitan and Patriarchal Court in the Late 16th — Early 17th Centuries]. Vestnik Voronezhskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Istoriya. Politologiya. Sotsiologiya — Herald of Voronezh State University. History, Political Science. Sociology, 2023, no. 1, pp. 59–63.
[25] Savosichev A.Yu. Dyaki v apparate upravleniya russkoy tserkvi v kontse XVI — nachale XVII vekov [Diaks in the Administrative Apparatus of the Russian Church in the Late 16th — Early 17th Centuries]. Vestnik gosudarstvennogo i munitsipal’nogo upravleniya — Herald of State and Municipal Administration, 2023, no. 4, pp. 94–107.
[26] Kapterev N.F. Tsar’ i tserkovnye moskovskie sobory XVI i XVII stoletiy [The Tsar and the Moscow Church sobors of the 16th and 17th Centuries]. Moscow, LENAND Publ., 2015, 128 p.
[27] Pavlov A.P. Tserkovnaya ierarkhiya v sisteme gosudarstvennoy vlasti Rossii i uchrezhdenie patriarshestva [Church hierarchy in the system of state power in Russia and the establishment of the patriarchate]. In: Religion und integration im Moskauer Russland. Konzepte und Praktiken, Potentiale und Grenzen 14–17. Jahrhundert [Religion and integration in Muscovite Russia. Concepts and practices, potentials and limits, 14th–17th century]. Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Publ., 2010, S. 65–79.
[28] Usachev A.S. Khronologiya raboty Osvyashchennogo sobora Russkoy tserkvi v XVI v. [Chronology of the Work of the Consecrated Sobor of the Russian Church in the 16th Century]. Istoriya — History, 2023, vol. 14, no. 12, part I. Available at: https://history.jes.su/s207987840028459-3-1/ (accessed December 24, 2025).
[29] Ermilov P.V. Uchrezhdenie moskovskogo patriarshestva i Konstantinopol’skie sobory 1590 i 1593 gg. [Establishment of the Moscow Patriarchate and the Constantinople sobors of 1590 and 1593]. Vizantiyskiy vremennik — Byzantine Chronicle, 2019, vol. 103, pp. 153–178.
[30] Makariy (Bulgakov), mitr. Istoriya russkoy tserkvi [History of the Russian Church]. In 7 vols. Vol. 6. Moscow, Spaso-Preobrazhensky Valaam Monastery Publ., 1996, 798 p.
[31] Belyakova E.V. Ob otmene resheniy Sobora 1620 g. [On the Repeal of the Decisions of the 1620 Sobor]. Istoriya — History, 2019, vol. 10, no. 3. Available at: https://history.jes.su/s207987840004671-7-1/ (accessed December 24, 2025).
[32] Bulychev A.A. Istoriya odnoy politicheskoy kampanii XVII veka [History of a Political Campaign of the 17th Century]. Moscow, Languages of Slavic Culture Publ., 2004, 144 p.
[33] Florya B.N. Brestskie sobory [Sobors of Brest]. In: Pravoslavnaya entsiklopediya [Orthodox Encyclopedia], vol. 6. Moscow, Church Research Center “Orthodox Encyclopedia”, 2003, pp. 242–243.
[34] Dmitriev M.V. Mezhdu Rimom i Tsar’gradom: genezis Brestskoy tserkovnoy unii 1595–1596 gg. [Between Rome and Constantinople: Genesis of the Brest Church Union, 1595–1596]. Moscow, Moscow University Publ., 2003, 319 p.
[35] Bulyakov G.I., prot. Zapadno-russkie pravoslavnye tserkovnye sobory, kak organy tserkovnogo upravleniya [Western Russian Orthodox Church sobors as Organs of Church Administration]. Kursk, Eparkhial’naya tipografiya (Diocesan Press), 1917, 324 p.
[36] Sobornoe ulozhenie [sobor Code]. Moscow, Moskovskiy Pechatnyy dvor, 1649, 338 l.
[37] Tikhomirov M.N., Epifanov P.P. Sobornoe ulozhenie 1649 goda [The sobor Code of 1649]. Moscow, Moscow University Publ., 1961, 414 p.
[38] Kormchaya [Kormchaia Book]. Moscow, Pechatnyy dvor, 1653, 787 p.
[39] Skrizhal’ [Scripture]. Moscow, Pechatnyy dvor, 1655, 856 p.
[40] Lobachev S.V. Patriarkh Nikon [Patriarch Nikon]. Saint Petersburg, 2003, 416 p.
[41] Chumicheva O.V. Bolshoy Moskovskiy sobor [The Great Moscow Sobor]. In: Pravoslavnaya entsiklopediya [Orthodox Encyclopedia], vol. 5. Moscow, Church Research Center “Orthodox Encyclopedia”, 2002, pp. 679–684.
[42] Belyakova E.V. K izucheniyu istorii Soborov 1666 i 1666–1667 gg. [On the Study of the History of the 1666 and 1666–1667 sobors]. Istoricheskiy kuryer — Historical Courier, 2019, no. 2. Available at: http://istkurier.ru/data/2019/ISTKURIER-2019-2-05.pdf (accessed December 24, 2025).
[43] Sedov P.V. Zakat Moskovskogo tsarstva [The Decline of the Moscow Tsardom]. Saint Petersburg, Dmitriy Bulanin Publ., 2008, 604 p.
[44] Florya B.N. Lektsii po russkoy istorii [Lectures on Russian History]. Moscow, Drevlehranilishche Publ., 2021, 544 p.
[45] Florya B.N., Afinogenov D.E., Zheltov M.S. Vossoyedinenie Kievskoy mitropolii s Russkoy pravoslavnoy tserkov’yu, 1676–1686 gg.: issledovaniya i dokumenty [Reunion of the Kyiv Metropolis with the Russian Orthodox Church, 1676–1686: Studies and Documents]. Moscow, Church Research Center “Orthodox Encyclopedia”, 2019, 911 p.
[46] Krylov A.O. Svt. Dimitriy Rostovskiy i evkharisticheskie spory v Rossii kontsa XVII v. [St. Dimitry of Rostov and Eucharistic disputes in Russia at the end of the 17th century]. In: Russkoe bogoslovie: issledovaniya i materialy [Russian theology: studies and materials]. Moscow, St. Tikhon Orthodox University of Humanities Publ., 2014, pp. 7–35.
[47] Vedyaev A.V., Gaydenko P.I., Ospennikov Y.V., Ustinova I.A. «K pokayaniyu i ispravleniyu»: sudy nad arkhiereyami v istorii i sovremennosti Russkoy tserkvi [“To repentance and correction”: trials over bishops in the history and modernity of the Russian church]. Saint Petersburg, St. Petersburg Theological Academy Press, 2023, 352 p.
[48] Panich T.V. Artemiev Petr. In: Pravoslavnaya entsiklopediya [Orthodox Encyclopedia], vol. 3. Moscow, Church Research Center “Orthodox Encyclopedia”, 2012, pp. 467–468.
[49] Panich T.V. Dve redaktsii sobornogo opredeleniya po delu Grigoriya Skibinskogo (materialy k biografii pisatelya) [Two editions of the sobor decision on the case of Grigory Skibinsky (materials for the Biography of the Writer)]. In: Vlast, obschestvo i chelovek v istoricheskikh i literaturnykh istochnikakh XVI–XX vv. [Power, society and the individual in historical and literary sources of the 16th–20th centuries]. Novosibirsk, 2012, pp. 110–134.
[50] Yastrebov A.O. Venezianskiy sled v zhiznennom puti igumena Palladiya Rogovskogo [The Venetian Trace in the Life Path of Abbot Palladius Rogovsky]. Vestnik PSTGU. Ser. I: Bogoslovie. Filosofiya — St. Tikhon’s University Review. Series I. Theology. Philosophy. Religious Studies, 2014, no. 4, pp. 9–28.
[51] Golikova N.B. Politicheskie protsessy pri Petre I [Political Processes under Peter I]. Moscow University Publ., 1957, 337 p.
[52] Kochegarov K.A. Sysk Grigoriya Talitskogo v 1700 g. [Investigation of Grigory Talitsky in 1700]. In: Chelovek i vlast’ v Rossii XVII–XVIII vekov: Sbornik statey k semidesyatipyatiletiyu Evgeniya Viktorovicha Anisimova [Man and power in Russia XVII–XVIII centuries: collection of articles]. Saint Petersburg, Nauka Publ., 2022, pp. 140–150.
[53] Krylov A.O. Delo Dmitriya Tveritinova i politicheskaya bor’ba v Rossii nachala XVIII veka [The Case of Dmitry Tveritinov and Political Struggle in Early 18th Century Russia]. Khristianskoye chtenie — Christian Reading, 2025, no. 1, pp. 234–247.
[54] Verkhovskoy P.V. Uchrezhdenie dukhovnoy kollegii i dukhovnyy reglament [Establishment of the spiritual college and the spiritual regulation]. In 2 vols., vol. 1. Rostov-na-Donu, Tipografii M.I. Gurmana i A.I. Ter-Abramyana, 1916, 686 p.
[55] Akeliev E.V. O probleme dokazatelstv v istoricheskom issledovanii, ili Podozreval li Petr I patriarkha Adriana v svyazyakh s myatezhnymi streltstsami? [On the problem of evidence in historical research, or did Peter I suspect patriarch Adrian of connections with rebel streltsy?]. VIVLIOθIKA, 2023, vol. 11, pp. 241–270.
[56] Bushkovich P. Petr Velikiy. Bor’ba za vlast’ (1671–1725) [Peter the Great: struggle for power (1671–1725)]. Saint Petersburg, Dmitriy Bulanin Publ., 2008, 542 p.
[57] Andreev A.N. Zapadno-khristianskie veroispovedaniya i obshchestvo v Rossii XVIII v.: Dis. … d-ra istor. nauk [Western christian denominations and society in Russia in the 18th century. Doctoral Dissertation in History]. Chelyabinsk, 2011, 712 p.
[58] Krylov A.O. Feofan Prokopovich i Georgiy Dashkov: 1725–1735 gg. [Theophan Prokopovich and Georgy Dashkov: 1725–1735]. In: Tserkov i vlast: k 300-letiyu uchrezhdeniya svyateyshogo sobora v russkoy tserkvi [Church and power: on the 300th anniversary of the establishment of the Holy synod in the Russian church]. Moscow, St. Tikhon Orthodox University of Humanities Publ., 2022, pp. 151–182.
[59] Krasheninnikova O.A. Markell Radyishevsky — kritik soboral’noy reformy Russkoy tserkvi [Markell Radyishevsky — critic of the synodal reform of the Russian church]. Moscow, IWL RAS Publ., 2023, 554 p.
[60] Kurukin I.V. Anna Ioannovna [Anna Ioannovna]. Moscow, Molodaya gvardiya Publ., 2013, 430 p.
[61] Stennik Yu.V. Ideya “drevney” i “novoy” Rossii v literature i obshchestvenno-istoricheskoy mysli XVIII — nachala XIX v. [The idea of “old” and “new” Russia in literature and socio-historical thought of the 18th — Early 19th centuries]. Saint Petersburg, Nauka Publ., 2004, 275 p.
[62] Tanshina N.P. Rusofobiya: Istoriya izobreteniya strakha [Russophobia: The History of the Invention of Fear]. Moscow, Kontseptual Publ., 2023, 496 p.
[63] Lishtenan F.-D. Russkaya tserkov XVIII veka glazami zapadnykh nablyudateley: politicheskiy i filosofskiy aspekty [The Russian church in the 18th Century by western observers’ eyes: political and philosophical aspects]. In: Evropeyskoye prosveschenie i tsivilizatsiya Rossii [European enlightenment and Russian civilization]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2004, pp. 77–84.
[64] Nikanorova E.K. Istoricheskiy anekdot v russkoy literature XVIII veka: Anekdoty o Petre Velikom [Historical anecdote in Russian literature of the 18th century: anecdotes about Peter the Great]. Novosibirsk, Sibirskiy khronograf Publ., 2001, 468 p.
[65] Krotov P.A. “Podlinnye anekdoty o Petre Velikom” Ya. Shtelina v perevode A.A. Nartova — neizvestnyy pamyatnik russkoy slovesnosti XVIII veka [“Authentic anecdotes on Peter the Great” by Ya. Shtelin in the translation of A.A. Nartov — unknown monument of Russian literature of the 18th century]. Nauchnyi dialog (Scientific Dialogue), 2020, no. 9, pp. 235–249.
[66] Vernadskiy G.V. Russkoye masonstvo v tsarstvovaniye Ekateriny II [Russian freemasonry during the reign of Catherine II]. Moscow, Lomonosov Publ., 2014, 272 p.
[67] Minakov A.Yu. “Pravoye” masonstvo i russkiy konservatizm pervoy chetverti XIX veka [“Right” Freemasonry and Russian Conservatism of the First Quarter of the 19th Century]. Via in tempore. Istoriya. Politologiya — Via in tempore. History. Political Science, 2010, no. 13, pp. 123–130.
[68] Alekseev P.A., prot. Tserkovnyy slovar [Church dictionary]. Moscow, Pechatnya pri Imperatorskom Moskovskom universitete, 1773, 396 p.
[69] Feliksov S.V. “Tserkovnyy slovar’” protoiereya P.A. Alekseeva [“Church Dictionary” of Archpriest P.A. Alekseev]. Vestnik PSTGU. Ser. III: Filologiya — St. Tikhon’s University Review. Series III: Philology, 2009, no. 16, pp. 7–14.
[70] Bagan V.V. Stanovleniye bogoslovskoy disciplini “kanonicheskoe pravo” v Russkoy Pravoslavnoy Tserkvi v XIX v. [Formation of the Theological Discipline “Canonical Law” in the Russian Orthodox Church in the 19th Century]. Vestnik Yekaterinburgskoy dukhovnoy seminarii — Bulletin of the Ekaterinburg theological seminary, 2022, no. 38, pp. 30–53.
[71] Platon (Levshin), mitropolit. Kratkaya rossiyskaya tserkovnaya istoriya [Brief Russian church history]. In 2 vols. Moscow, 1805, 388+352 p.
[72] Feofilakt Lopatinskiy, archiep. Oblichenie nepravy raskol’nicheskiya [Exposure of schismatic falsehood]. Moscow, Sinodal’naya tipografiya, 1745, 450 p.
[73] Platon (Levshin), mitr. Uveschanie k raskol’nikam s chinopolozheniem, kak prinimat’ obraschayuschikhsya iz nikh k pravoslavnoy vere [Admonition to schismatics with instructions on how to receive converts to the orthodox faith]. Saint Petersburg, Sinodal’naya tipografiya, 1765, 137 l.
[74] Zhuravlev A.I., prot. Polnoye istoricheskoye izvestiye o drevnikh strigol’nikakh i novykh raskol’nikakh, tak nazvannykh staroobryadtsakh, o ikh uchenii, delakh i razglasiyakh [Complete Historical Account of Ancient Strigolniki and New Schismatics, So-Called Old Believers, on Their Doctrine, Affairs, and Controversies]. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya Imperatorskoy Akademii nauk, 1795, 107 p.
[75] Nikulin I.A., svyashch. Preosvyaschennyy Ignatiy (Rimskiy-Korsakov), mitr. Sibirskiy i Tobolskiy [Most reverend Ignatius (Rimsky-Korsakov), Metropolitan of Siberia and Tobolsk]. Yekaterinburg, Yekaterinburg Theological Seminary Publ., 2015, 312 p.
[76] Morokhin A.V. Arkhiepiskop Nizhegorodskiy i Alatyrskiy Pitirim. Tserkovnyy deyatel’ epokhi peremen [Archbishop Pitirim of Nizhny Novgorod and Alatyr. A Church figure of the era of change]. Nizhny Novgorod, Knigi Publ., 2009, 271 p.
[77] Pitirim, ep. Praschitsa dukhovnaya [Spiritual sling]. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya Aleksandro-Nevskogo monastyrya, 1721, 410 p.
[78] Wilson B. Counter-revolutionary thought. In: The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 9–38.
[79] Toews J.E. Church and state: the problem of authority. In: The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 603–648.
[80] Minakov A.Yu. “Pravoye” masonstvo i russkiy konservatizm pervoy chetverti XIX veka [“Right” freemasonry and Russian conservatism of the first quarter of the 19th century]. Via in tempore. Istoriya. Politologiya — Via in tempore. History and Political Science, 2010, no. 13, pp. 123–130.
[81] Minakov A.Yu. U istokov russkogo konservatizma: “Russkaya partiya” pervoy chetverti XIX v. [At the origins of Russian conservatism: “Russian party” of the first quarter of the 19th century]. Tractus aevorum: evolyutsiya sotsiokul’turnykh i politicheskikh prostranstv — Tractus Aevorum: the Evolution of Socio-Cultural and Political Spaces, 2014, no. 1, pp. 67–77.
[82] Degtyareva M.I. Zhozef de Mestra i N.M. Karamzin [Joseph de Maistre and N.M. Karamzin]. Sotsiologicheskiy zhurnal — Sociological Journal, 2003, no. 1, pp. 151–165.
[83] Karamzin N.M. Zapiska o drevney i novoy Rossii v ee politicheskom i grazhdanskom otnosheniyakh [Note on old and new Russia in its political and civil relations]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1991, 125 p.
[84] Karamzin N.M. Istoriya gosudarstva Rossiyskogo [History of the Russian State]. In 12 vols. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya N. Grecha, 1816–1829.
[85] Maistre J. de. Quatre chapitres inédits sur la Russie. Lettres à un gentilhomme russe sur l’Inquisition espagnole [In Russ.: Mestr Zh.M. Chetyre neizdannye glavy o Rossii. Pis’ma russkomu dvoryaninu ob ispanskoy inkvizitsii. St. Petersburg, Vladimir Dal’ Publ., 2007, 298 p.].
[86] Khondzinskiy P.V., prot. “Tserkov’ ne yest’ akademiya”: Russkoye vneakademicheskoye bogoslovie XIX veka [“The church is not an academy”: Russian extra-academic theology of the 19th century]. Moscow, St. Tikhon Orthodox University of Humanities Publ., 2016, 480 p.
[87] Sukhanov M. Istoricheskoe izsledovaniye o soborakh rossiyskoy tserkvi [Historical study on the sobors of the Russian Church]. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya Svyateyshego sinoda, 1803, 37 p.
[88] Amvrosiy (Ornatskiy), arkhim. Istoriya rossiyskoy ierarkhii [History of the Russian hierarchy]. In 6 vols., vol. 1. Moscow, Sinodal’naya tipografiya, 1807, 643 p.
[89] Innokentiy (Smirnov), svt. Nachertaniye tserkovnoy istorii: ot biblieskikh vremen do XVIII veka, v pol’zu dukhovnogo yunoshestva [Outline of church history: from biblical times to the 18th century, for the benefit of spiritual youth]. In 2 parts. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya svyateyshego sinoda, 1817, 613 p.
[90] Turchaninov N.P. O soborakh, byvshikh v Rossii so vremeni vvedeniya v ney khristianstva do tsarstvovaniya Ioanna IV Vasilievicha [On the sobors that existed in Russia from the time christianity was introduced there until the reign of Ivan IV Vasilievich]. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya meditsinskogo departamenta Ministerstva vnutrennikh del, 1829, 154 p.
[91] Bezhanidze G., Firsov A. “Svyaschennoe tsarstvo” Rossiyskoy imperii v epokhu modernizatsii: popytka kharakteristiki tserkovno-politicheskoy pozitsii mitropolita Filareta (Drozdova) [“Sacred kingdom” of the Russian empire in the era of modernization: an attempt to characterize the church-political position of metropolitan Philaret (Drozdov)]. Gosudarstvo, religiya, tserkov v Rossii i za rubezhom — State, Religion, Church in Russia and Worldwide, 2022, no. 40, pp. 273–305.
[92] Jenning J. Constitutional liberalism in France: from Benjamin Constant to Alexis de Tocqueville. In: The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 349–373.
[93] Guizot M. Histoire de la civilisation en Europe. Paris, Pichon et Didier, 1828, 529 p.
[94] Butterfield H. The Whig Interpretation of History. London, G. Bell, 1931, 82 p.
[95] Cherepnin L.V. Zemskie sobory russkogo gosudarstva v XVI–XVII vv. [Zemsky sobors of the Russian state in the 16th–17th centuries]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1978, 417 p.
[96] Ryleev K.F. Dumy [Thoughts]. Moscow, v tipografii S. Selivanovskogo, 1825, 172 p.
[97] Miller A. Natsiya, ili Mogushchestvo mifa [Nation, or the power of myth]. Saint Petersburg, EUSPB Press, 2016, 146 p.
[98] Minakov A.Yu. Russkaya partiya v pervoy chetverti XIX veka [The Russian party in the first quarter of the 19th century]. Moscow, Institute of Russian Civilization, 2013, 528 p.
[99] Gayda F.A. “Pravoslaviye” v triade S.S. Uvarova [“Orthodoxy” in S.S. Uvarov’s triad]. Vestnik PSTGU. Ser. II: Istoriya. Istoriya russkoy pravoslavnoy tserkvi — St. Tikhon’s University Review. Series II: History. Russian Church History, 2021, no. 100, pp. 32–46.
[100] Mironov B.N. Rossiyskaya imperiya. Ot traditsii k modernu [The Russian empire: from tradition to modernity]. In 3 vols., vol. 2. Saint Petersburg, Dmitry Bulanin Publ., 2018, 912 p.
[101] Kelley D. Historians and lawyers. In: The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 147–170.
[102] Rozenkampf G.A. Obozrenie Kormchey knigi v istoricheskom vide [Review of the kormchaya book in historical context]. Moscow, Obschestvo istorii i drevnostey rossiyskikh pri Moskovskom universitete, 1829, 756 p.
[103] Kalachov N.V. O znachenii kormchey v sisteme drevnego russkogo prava [On the importance of kormchaya in the system of ancient Russian law]. Moscow, Universitetskaya tipografiya, 1850, 128+80 p.
[104] Bezhanidze G.V. Svyatitel’ Filaret Moskovskiy i ober-prokuror Svyateyshogo sinoda N.A. Protasov [Saint Philaret of Moscow and the ober-procurator of the Holy synod N.A. Protasov]. Vestnik PSTGU. Ser. II: Istoriya. Istoriya russkoy pravoslavnoy tserkvi — St. Tikhon’s University Review. Series II: History. Russian Church History, 2025, no. 125, pp. 90–108.
[105] Kniga pravil svyatykh apostol, svyatykh soborov vselenskikh i pomestnykh, i svyatykh otets [Book of the rules of the holy apostles, ecumenical and local sobors, and the holy fathers]. Saint Petersburg, Sinodal’naya tipografiya, 1839, 456 p.
[106] Ustav dukhovnykh konsistoriy [Statute of spiritual consistories]. Saint Petersburg, Sinodal’naya tipografiya, 1841, 134+56 p.
[107] Gavriil, arkhim. Ponyatie o tserkovnom prave i ego istoriya [The concept of church law and its history]. Kazan’, Universitetskaya tipografiya, 1844, 32 p.
[108] Skvortsov I., prot. Zapiski po tserkovnomu zakonovedeniyu [Notes on church law]. Kazan’, Universitetskaya tipografiya, 1848, 266 p.
[109] Ioann (Sokolov), arkhim. Opyt kursa tserkovnogo zakonovedeniya [Course on church law]. In 2 vols. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya E. Fishera, 1851, 515+593 p.
[110] Muraviyov A.N. Istoriya rossiyskoy tserkvi [History of the Russian church]. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya III otdeleniya sobstvennoy E.I.V. kantselyarii, 1838, 370 p.
[111] Bogdanova T.A. Muraviyov A.N. In: Pravoslavnaya entsiklopediya [Orthodox encyclopedia], vol. 47. Moscow, Church Research Center “Orthodox Encyclopedia”, 2017, pp. 662–672.
[112] Filaret (Drozdov), svt. Beseda k glagolemomu staroobryadtsu o Stoglavnom sobore i o istinnom soglasii s pravoslavnoyu tserkoviyu [Conversation with the so-called old believer on the Stoglav sobor and true concord with the Orthodox Church]. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya Svyateyshago Pravitelstvuyuschego Sinoda, 1836, 51 p.
[113] Rudnev N.A. Rassuzhdeniya ob eresyakh i raskolakh, byvshikh v russkoy tserkvi so vremen Vladimira Velikogo do Ivana Groznogo [Discussions on heresies and schisms in the Russian church from the time of Vladimir the Great to Ivan the Terrible]. Moscow, Sinodal’naya tipografiya, 1838, 292 p.
[114] Yevgeniy (Bolkhovitinov), mitr. Istoricheskoe obozrenie rossiyskogo zakonopolozheniya [Historical review of Russian legislation]. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya I. Glazunova, 1826, CXXXI p.
[115] Nikiforova M.V. Ioann (Sokolov), ep. In: Pravoslavnaya entsiklopediya [Orthodox encyclopedia], vol. 23. Moscow, Church Research Center “Orthodox Encyclopedia”, 2010, pp. 446–452.
[116] Vyskachkov L.V. Dva imperatora: obraz Petra Velikogo kak ideologicheskaya model’ tsarstvovaniya Nikolaya I [Two emperors: the image of Peter the Great as the ideological model of Nicholas I’s Reign]. Russko-Vizantiyskiy vestnik — Russian-Byzantine Herald, 2023, no. 1, pp. 130–145.
[117] Badalyan D.A. Nemetskaya partiya v Rossii XIX v. i bor’ba vokrug nee v publitsistike, literature i muzyke [The German party in 19th-century Russia and the struggle around it in journalism, literaturea and music]. In: Istoriya otechestvennoy kultury v arkhivnykh dokumentakh [History of Russian culture in archival documents]. Saint Petersburg, Russian National Library, 2024, pp. 30–49.
[118] Lazhechnikov I.A. Ledyanoy dom [The ice house]. In 4 parts. Moscow, A.S. Shiryaev Publ., 1835, 197+202+198+198 p.
[119] Tamborra A. Katolicheskaya tserkov i russkoye pravoslaviye [The Catholic Church and Russian Orthodoxy]. Moscow, St. Andrew’s Biblical Theological Institute, 2007, 617 p.
[120] Morrow J. Romanticism and political thought in the early nineteenth century. In: The Cambridge History of Nineteenth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 39–76.
[121] Khomyakov A.S. Sochineniya [Works]. In 2 vols., vol. 2. Moscow, Medium Publ., 1994, 476 p.
[122] Khondzinskiy P.V., Kyrlezhev A.I. Sobornost’ v russkoy bogoslovskoy traditsii [Sobornost’ in the Russian Theological Tradition]. Voprosy teologii — Issues of Theology, 2019, no. 3, pp. 427–440.
[123] Gayda F.A. “Sobornost’”: k voprosu o ponimanii termina v obschestvennykh krugakh Rossii v XIX — I chetverti XX vv. [“Sobornost”: on the understanding of the term in Russian public circles in the 19th – first quarter of the 20th century]. Filosofiya. Zhurnal Vysshey shkoly ekonomiki — Philosophy. The Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 2022, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 17–40.
[124] Khondzinskiy P.V., prot. Sinodal’naya reforma i ekklesiologiya pervykh slavyanofilov: A.S. Khomyakova i Yu.F. Samarina [Synodal reform and ecclesiology of the first slavophiles: A.S. Khomyakov and Yu.F. Samarin]. Vestnik PSTGU. Ser. I: Bogoslovie. Filosofiya. Religiovedenie — St. Tikhon’s University Review. Series I. Theology. Philosophy. Religious Studies, 2011, no. 5, pp. 57–70.
[125] Lebedev S., Lebedeva G. Narodnoe dvizhenie v Pribaltike za perekhod v “tsarskuyu veru” [Popular movement in the Baltics for transition to the “tsarist gaith”]. Tetradi po konservatizmu, 2017, no. 2, pp. 60–77.
[126] Sukhova N.Yu. “Delo protoiereya Gerasima Pavskogo”: problema “Istorizma” v russkoy bibleistike [“The case of archpriest Gerasim Pavsky”: the problem of “historicism” in Russian biblical studies]. Filaretovskiy al’manakh, 2014, no. 10, pp. 88–107.
[127] Blagovidov F.A. Ober-prokurory Svyateyshago sobora v XVIII-m i v pervoy polovine XIX stoletiya [Ober-procurators of the Holy Synod in the 18th and first half of the 19th century]. Kazan’, Tipografiya Kazanskogo universiteta, 1900, 449 p.
[128] Samarin Yu.F. Stefan Yavorskiy i Feofan Prokopovich kak propovedniki [Stephan Yavorsky and Theophan Prokopovich as preachers]. Moscow, Universitetskaya tipografiya, 1844, 230 p.
[129] Samarin Yu.F. Stefan Yavorsky i Feofan Prokopovich kak propovedniki [Stefan Yavorsky and Feofan Prokopovich as Preachers]. In: Sobranie sochineniy [Collected works]. In 5 vols. Vol. 2. St. Petersburg, Rostok Publ., 2014, pp. 16–387.
[130] Artemkin D., svyashch. Filaret (Gumilevskiy), svt. [Filaret (Gumilevsky), Bishop]. In: Pravoslavnaya entsiklopediya [Orthodox Encyclopedia], vol. 72. Moscow, Church Research Center “Orthodox Encyclopedia”, 2024, pp. 242–248.
[131] Filaret (Gumilevskiy), ep. Istoriya russkoy tserkvi [History of the Russian Church]. In 5 vols. Moscow, Universitetskaya tipografiya, 1847–1848.
[132] Aksakov K.S., Aksakov I.S. Izbrannye trudy [Selected Works]. Moscow, ROSSPEN Publ., 2010, pp. 227–251.
[133] Badalyan D.A. Ponyatie “Zemskiy sobor” v proizvedeniyakh literatury i publitsistiki slavyanofilov [The concept of “Zemsky sobor” in literature and journalism of the slavophiles]. In: Istoriya i literatura [History and literature], Saint Petersburg, Kulturno-prosvetitelskoe tovarischestvo, 2017, pp. 220–230.
[134] Kuzoro K.A. Tserkovnaya istoriografiya staroobryadchestva: vozniknovenie i evolyutsiya (vtoraya polovina XVII — nachalo XX v.) [Church historiography of old believers: emergence and evolution (second half of the 17th — early 20th century)]. Tomsk, Tomsk University Publ., 2011, 182 p.
[135] Ignatiy, arkhiep. Voronezhskiy, Zadonskiy, arkhiep. Istoriya o raskolakh v Tserkvi rossiyskoy [History of Schisms in the Russian Church]. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya E. Fishera, 1849, 352 p.
[136] Grigoriy (Postnikov), mitr. Istinno drevnyaya i istinno pravoslavnaya Khristova tserkov [Truly ancient and truly orthodox vhurch of Christ]. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya Grigoriya Trusova, 1854, 349 p.
[137] Makariy (Bulgakov), ep. Istoriya russkogo raskola, izvestnogo pod imenem staroobryadstva [History of the Russian schism known as the old believers]. Saint Petersburg, Tipografiya Koroleva i K°, 1855, 368 p.
[138] Asmus V., prot. Poslaniye vostochkh patriarkhov [Epistle of the Eastern patriarchs]. In: Pravoslavnaya entsiklopediya [Orthodox Encyclopedia], vol. 57. Moscow, Church Research Center “Orthodox Encyclopedia”, 2020, pp. 568–573.