Structure of empirical knowledge in science

The paper analyzes subject and structure of the scientific cognition empirical level. Its main objective is to construct an empirical reality and describe it. The paper shows that there is no logical bridge between the sensory and empirical levels of scientific knowledge, no formal-logical transition from knowledge of one level to the knowledge of another. Main structural units of the empirical scientific knowledge are described including protocol sentences that register observation and experimental data in the linguistic form, scientific facts that are logical (inductive) generalizations of the protocols, empirical laws proposed as hypotheses using induction as the reverse deduction and phenomenological theory (a set of empirical laws and principles in a certain area of knowledge).

EDN CKXTKA 

References
[1] Lebedev S.A. Filosofiya i metodologiya nauki [Philosophy and methodology of science]. Moscow, Akademicheskiy Proekt Publ., 2021, 626 p.
[2] Heisenberg W. Schritte uber Grenzen. Tradition in der Wissenschaft Reden und Aufsatze. München, 1977 [In Russ.: Heisenberg W. Shagi za gorizont. Moscow, Progress Publ., 1987, 368 p.].
[3] Lebedev S.A., Gubanov N.N. Urovnevaya metodologiya nauki i ee suschnost [The tiered methodology of scientific cognition and its essence]. Gumanitarny vestnik — Humanities Bulletin of BMSTU, 2021, iss. 2 (88). http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/2306-8477-2021-2-708
[4] Lebedev S.A. Fenomenologicheskaya teoriya i ee struktura [Phenomenological theory and its structure]. Gumanitarny vestnik — Humanities Bulletin of BMSTU, 2023, iss. 6. https://doi.org/10.18698/2306-8477-2023-6-879
[5] Feyerabend K. Izbrannye trudy po metodologii nauki [Selected works on science methodology]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1978, 336 p.
[6] Lebedev S.A. Konstruktivnaya priroda empiricheskogo poznaniya v nauke [The constructive nature of empirical knowledge in science]. Sovremennye filosofskie issledovaniya — Contemporary Philosophical Research, 2023, no. 3, pp. 29–50.
[7] Feynman R. The character of physical laws. Modern Library, 1965 [In Russ.: Feynman R. Kharakter fizicheskikh zakonov. Moscow, Nauka Publ, 1987, 160 p.].
[8] Avdulov A.N., Borzenkov V.G., Bromberg G.V., Ilyin V.V., Lebedev S.A. et al. Filosofiya nauki. Obshhiy kurs [Philosophy of science]. Moscow, Akademicheskiy Proekt Publ., 2004, 736 p.
[9] Lazarev S.A., Lebedev S.A. Filosofskaya refleksiya: sushchnost, tipy, formy [The philosophical reflex: essence, form, types]. Voprosy filosofii — Russian Studies in Philosophy, 2016, no. 6, pp. 15–28.
[10] Lebedev S.A. Filosofiya nauki [Philosophy of science]. Moscow, Yurayt Publ., 2011, 288 p.
[11] Lebedev S.A., Rubochkin V.A. Istoriya i filosofiya nauki [Istoriya i filosofiya nauki]. Moscow, Moscow University Publ., 2010, 196 p.
[12] Lebedev S.A. Nauchnaya deyatelnost: osnovnye ponyatiya [Scientific activity: basic concepts]. Moscow, Prospekt Publ., 2021, 136 p.
[13] Lebedev S.A. Filosofiya. Metodologiya. Nauka. Izbrannye statyi [Philosophy. Methodology. Science. Selected articles]. Moscow, Prospekt Publ., 2023, 720 p.
[14] Lebedev S.A. Nauchnyj metod: istoriya i teoriya [Scientific method: history and practice]. Moscow, Prospekt Publ., 2021, 448 p.
[15] Lebedev S.A. Sovremennaya filosofiya nauki [Modern philosophy of science]. Moscow, Prospekt Publ., 2023, 312 p.