Philosophy of history and its problem field: in search of unity

The paper focuses on the philosophy of history, i.e. historiosophy, as an important section of philosophy, outlines the range of its problems, formed over a long period, characterizes each of the problems of historiosophy, and studies their differences. Within the research, we substantiated the thesis according to which the problems recorded in the philosophy of history have a certain unity, highlighted and considered the horizontal and vertical levels of problems in the philosophy of history. At the first level, there is a mutual influence of problems on each other. At the second level, a hierarchy of problems of historiosophy is built, which is manifested in each specific study. Findings of research show that the starting point for creating a concept in the philosophy of history is the question of the driving forces of the historical process. Having chosen one of the subjects of history as the main one, the thinker then creates a specific system of views on this basis. The rest of the historiosophical problems here act as subordinates in relation to the indicated issue.

References
[1] Chernogortseva G.V. Gumanitarny vestnik — Humanities Bulletin of BMSTU, 2015, no. 9. DOI: 10.18698/2306-8477-2015-9-288
[2] Bloch M. Apologie pour l’histoire ou Metier d’historien. Armand Colin, 1997, 159 p. [In Russ.: Bloch M. Apologiya istorii, ili Remeslo istorika. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1986, 256 p.].
[3] Thucydides. Istoriya [The History]. Moscow, Ladomir Publ., 1993, 543 p. (In Russ.).
[4] Kimelev A.Yu. Filosofiya istorii. Antologiya [Philosophy of history. Anthology]. Moscow, Aspekt-Press Publ., 1994, 351 p.
[5] Gobozov I.A. Vvedenie v filosofiyu istorii [Introduction to the philosophy of history]. Moscow, TEIS Publ., 1993, 307 p.
[6] Hvostov V.M. Teoriya istoricheskogo protsessa. Ocherki po filosofii i meto-dologii istorii [The theory of the historical process. Essays on philosophy and methodology of history]. Moscow, KomKniga Publ., 2006, 392 p.
[7] Rappoport Ch. La Philosophie de l’histoire comme science de l’évolution. Paris, M. Riviere, 1st ed., 1925 [In Russ.: Rappoport Ch. Filosofiya istorii v ee glavnejshih techeniyah. Moscow, URSS, LENAND Publ., 2015, 184 p.].
[8] Kareev N.I. Suschnost istoricheskogo protsessa i rol lichnosti v istorii [The essence of the historical process and the role of the individual in history]. St. Petersburg, Tipografiya Stasyulevicha Publ., 1914, 575 p.
[9] Rozov N.S. Filosofiya i teoriya istorii. Kn. 1. Prolegomeny [Philosophy and theory of history. Book. 1. Prolegomena]. Moscow, Logos Publ., 2002, 656 p.
[10] Panarin A.S., ed. Filosofiya istorii [Philosophy of history]. Moscow, Gardariki Publ., 2001, 432 p.
[11] Kovalev S.M., ed. Dialekticheskiy i istoricheskiy materialism [Dialectical and historical materialism]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1968, 392 p.
[12] Gumplowicz L. Osnovy sotsiologii [Foundations of Sociology]. Moscow, LENAND Publ., 2017, 366 p. (In Russ.).
[13] Cicero M.T. Filosofskie traktaty [Philosophical treatises]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1985, 382 p. (In Russ.).
[14] Grechko P.K. Kontseptualnye modeli istorii [Conceptual models of history]. Moscow, Logos Publ., 1995, 144 p.
[15] Nekhamkin V.A. Sotsium i vlast — Society and Power, 2018, no. 2 (70), pp. 24−33.
[16] Carlyle Th. Past and Present. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017, 119 p. [In Russ.: Carlyle Th. Teper i prezhde. Moscow, Respublika Publ., 1994, 415 p.].
[17] Anisimov E.V. Istoriya Rossii ot Ryurika do Putina. Lyudi. Sobytiya. Daty [The history of Russia from Rurik to Putin. People. Events. Dates]. St. Petersburg, Piter Publ., 2007, 588 p.
[18] Latov Yu.V. Obschestvennye nauki i sovremennost — Social Sciences and Contemporary World, 2019, no. 1, pp. 99–114.
[19] Nekhamkin V.A. Chelovek (The Human Being), 2005, no. 6, pp. 56–61.
[20] Nekhamkin A.N., Nekhamkin V.A. Dialog so vremenem — Dialogue with time, 2018, no. 65, pp. 336−352.
[21] Bestuzhev-Lada I.V. Voprosy filosofii — Russian Studies in Philosophy, 1997, no. 8, pp. 112−122.
[22] Komissarov I.I., Nekhamkin V.A. Istoriya — History, 2017, no. 2 (56), p. 22. Available at: https://history.jes.su/s207987840001779-5-1 (accessed July 6, 2021).
[23] Wallerstein I. Mirosistemny analiz. Vvedenie [World-systems approach. Introduction]. Moscow, URSS, LENAND Publ., 2018, 304 p. (In Russ.).
[24] Spengler O. Der Untergang des Abendlandes. C.H. Beck, 1998. [In Russ.: Spengler O. Zakat Evropy. In 2 vols. Vol. 1. Moscow, Mysl Publ., 1993, 663 p.].
[25] Popper K.R. The Open Society and its Enemies. Princeton University Press, new ed., 2012, 808 p. [In Russ.: Popper K.R. Otkrytoe obschestvo i ego vragi. Vol. 1. Moscow, Feniks Publ., 1992, 448 p.].
[26] Nekhamkin V.A. Istoriya — History, 2015, no. 7 (40), p. 11. Available at: https://history.jes.su/s207987840001222-3-1 (accessed July 7, 2021).
[27] Nekhamkin A.N. Prezident dlya buduschey Rossii. Problema optimalnogo obschestvennogo vybora [President for the future Russia. The problem of optimal public choice]. Bryansk, Bryanskoe oblastnoe poligraficheskoe obedinenie Publ., 2008, 527 p.