Philosophy of Expertise in the Early Modern Period

The evolution of the concept of expertise and criteria of competence in the Early Modern period (17th–18th centuries) was examined in comparison with the medieval period. It is emphasized that the Early Modern period marked a turning point characterized by a revision of the foundations of knowledge and the formation of a new evaluation system based on rationality, empiricism, and practical skills. The transformation of religion as a universal criterion of expertise in the Middle Ages is analyzed, and a shift toward a more differentiated approach is identified, taking into account the development of science, philosophy, and economics in the Early Modern period. Particular attention is paid to the influence of scientific discoveries of the 17th century, which led to a reconsideration of established views of the world and humanity and to the formation of new criteria of knowledge validity. The role of philosophy in the development of scientific thinking and in substantiating the necessity of empirical verification of knowledge is considered. It is noted that the expansion of access to education and the development of printing contributed to the formation of a public sphere in which ideas could be freely discussed, as well as to the growing demand for experts in various fields. Economic transformations characterized by the development of capitalism and industry are examined, which created the need for competent assessments and specialized knowledge. The formation of new forms of business, such as joint-stock companies, and the development of the banking system are analyzed, leading to the emergence of financial experts capable of assessing risks and forecasting business development. It is emphasized that the institution of expertise is formed in accordance with societal needs, and that new realities associated with the development of science and philosophy are reflected in expertise. Attention is drawn to changes in the social structure of society and the emergence of new professions, which led to a higher valuation of knowledge, skills, and the ability to adapt to new conditions. It is determined that competence ceased to be an exclusive attribute of social origin and became an important factor of social mobility. It is noted that in the Early Modern period, expertise is based on a different foundation than in the Middle Ages, where religion determined norms in all spheres of life.

EDN KGJZUK